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The  Flight  of 

American  Loyalists 

to  the  British  Isles 


by 
Wilbur  H.,Siebert 


COLUMBUS,  OHIO: 
NOVEMBER,  1911. 


The  Flight  of  American  Loyalists 


to   the 


British  Isles 


by 


Wilbur  H.  Siebert 


TWO   HUNDRED  AND   FIFTY  COPIES. 


COLUMBUS,  OHIO: 

THE  F.  J.  HEER  PRINTING  COMPANY, 
NOVEMBER,  1911 


THE  FLIGHT  OF  AMERICAL  LOYALISTS 
TO  THE  BRITISH  ISLES. 


It  is  well  known  that  during  the  American  Revolution  thou 
sands  of  Tories  or  loyalists  withdrew  from  the  scene  of  conflict 
and  settled  for  longer  or  shorter  periods  in  the  British  Isles,  or 
in  some  of  the  British  possessions.  By  the  end  of  the  war,  these 
refugees  were  to  be  found  in  large  numbers  in  Upper  and  Lower 
Canada  and  in  the  Maritime  Provinces,  in  East  Florida,  the  Ba 
hama  Islands  and  the  West  Indies,  and  in  Great  Britain.  The  gen 
eral  conditions  of  denunciation  and  persecution,  and  later  of 
banishment  and  confiscation  of  property,  under  which  this  dis 
persion  occurred  are  too  familiar  to  warrant  consideration  here. 
It  is  the  object  of  this  paper  to  throw  light  on  the  local  conditions 
under  which  the  migration  to  Great  Britain  took  place,  to  point 
out  the  chief  centres  of  embarkation,  and  in  veiw  of  the  evidence 
to  say  what  may  be  said  of  the  magnitude  of  the  movement. 

Boston  was  of  course  the  natural  port  of  departure  for 
the  loyalists  of  Massachusetts.  It  was  the  headquarters  of  the 
provincial  aristocracy,  which ;  supported  the  crown,  and  also  of 
the  British  until  the  evacuation  in  March,  1776.  For  this  brief 
time  it  was  the  sanctuary  of  numerous  loyalists  flocking  in  from 
all  parts  of  the  province.1  Not  a  few  of  these  embarked  for 
Britain  as  opportunity  afforded,  among  them  Col.  Richard  Salton- 
stall,  of  Haverhill,  who  escaped  to  the  city  of  refuge  in  the  fall 
of  1774,  and  sailed  soon  after.2  Governor  Thomas  Hutchinson 
made  this  voyage  earlier  in  the  same  year,  sailing  June  1st  in 
the  ship  "Minerva,"  Capt.  Callahan,  commander.3  In  his  Diary 
the  governor  tells  of  a  letter  from  his  provincial  seat,  written  the 
following  summer,  in  which  it  is  said  that  the  Boston  people 


^Winsor,  Memorial  History  of  Boston,  III.,  190. 
2Chase,  Hist,  of  Haverhill,  Mass.,  646. 
3Hutchinson,  Diary  and  Letters,  I.,  152. 

(3) 


M172235 


delivered  up  4,000  arms  on  condition  that  they  and  their  families 
should  have  leave  to  depart  from  the  town.4  This  letter  further 
reported  that  the  Vassall  families  had  gone  to  Halifax,  that 
Callahan  had  80  passengers,  and  that  Coffin  was  "also  coming 
[to  England]  with  passengers,  among  them  Mr.  J.  Green  and 
lady".5  These  constant  flights  are  confirmed  by  the  testimony 
of  Curwen,  who  was  then  in  London.  Writing  July  7,  1775,  he 
remarked:  "There  is  an  army  of  New  Englanders  here,"  and 
about  a  month  later  in  a  letter  to  a  friend  at  Halifax  he  de 
clared  :  "A  whole  army  *  *  are  here  lamenting  their  own 
and  their  country's  unhappy  fate".6  At  almost  the  same  time 
a  lady  writing  from  Boston  to  her  friend  in  Chester  said: 
"Everybody  that  can  is  quitting  this  place;  many  families  are 
embarking  for  England  to  settle  there."  7  This  rush  to  foreign 
shores  is  easily  explained,  for  Boston  had  been  under  siege  by 
Washington  and  his  army  ever  since  the  early  part  of  July,  and 
during  the  three  months  previous  the  American  patriots  had  been 
giving  an  account  of  themselves  well  suited  to  convince  New 
England  Tories  of  the  dangers  of  their  situation.  From  this 
time  on  London  newspapers  are  full  of  items  noting  the  arrival 
of  numbers  of  refugee  Americans  at  various  British  ports. 

It  cannot  be  supposed,  however,  that  the  embarkations 
ceased  after  the  first  flurries  were  over.  Single  individuals,  and 
probably  occasional  groups,  did  -not  rest  content  until  they  saw 
the  capital  of  Massachusetts  Bay  receding  in  the  distance 
as  they  sped  on  their  eastward  course.  Thus,  to  cite  a  few  in 
stances  of  more  than  ordinary  interest,  Richard  Clarke,  one  of 
the  consignees  of  the  tea  destroyed  in  Boston  harbor  and  father- 
in-law  of  Copley,  the  artist  and  loyalist,  took  his  departure,  De 
cember  4,  1775,  Curwen  recording  his  arrival  in  London  twenty- 
one  days  later.8  Toward  the  end  of  the  following  month,  the 
Rev.  John  Wiswall,  A.  M.,  sailed  in  the  "Preston",  landing  on 


4Hutchinson,  Diary  and  Letters,  I.,  470 ;  cf.  Frothingham,  Hist,  of 
Siege  of  Boston,  94,  95. 

"Hutchinson,  Diary  and  Letters,  I,  470. 

6Curwen,  Journal  and  Letters,  31,  34. 

7Quoted  in  the  Morning  Chronicle  and  London  Advertiser,  Oct.  4, 
1775. 

8Curwen,  Journal  and  Letters,  43. 


the  27th  of  February.9  The  wife  and  children  of  one  Fenton 
(probably  John  Fenton  of  New  Hampshire,  who  was  voted  in 
provincial  congress  "an  enemy  to  the  liberties  of  America",  then 
imprisoned,  but  later  allowed  to  escape  to  England)10  arrived 
at  their  destination  about  November  i,  1776,  along  with  others 
from  Boston.11  John  Gray,  one  of  the  sons  of  Harrison  Gray, 
the  treasurer  of  Massachusetts,  appears  not  to  have  sailed  until 
May  or  June  of  '79,12  while  Robert  Temple,  the  "high-flying 
Tory,"  was  unable  to  take  flight  before  the  summer  of  1780 
on  account  of  his  confinement  at  Cambridge.  He  arrived  at 
Bristol  with  his  family  in  August  of  that  year.13  Besides  nu 
merous  other  known  instances,  there  must  have  been  a  great 
many  that  never  were  recorded. 

It  is  of  course  well  ascertained  that  the  great  body  of  the 
loyalists  who  left  Boston  at  the  evacuation  were  removed  with 
Howe's  army  to  Halifax.14  A  fact  often  overlooked  is  that  a 
few  of  them  were  permitted  to  go  directly  to  England.  On  the 
day  that  the  first  division  of  the  fleet  sailed  for  Nova  Scotia, 
the  "Lord  Hyde"  packet,  crowded  with  passengers,  sailed  for 
London  carrying  Thomas  Hutchinson,  eldest  son  of  the  gover 
nor,  and  Dr.  Peter  Oliver,  with  their  families,  besides  Col.  Wil 
liam  Browne  of  Salem,  who  afterward  became  governor  of  the 
Bermudas.15 

Other  ports  of  Massachusetts  became  convenient  places  of 
departure  for  loyalists  seeking  refuge  across  the  water.  For 
example,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Samuel  Peters,  missionary  at  Hebron, 
Connecticut,  appears  to  have  sailed  from  Newburyport,  which 
he  reached  by  way  of  the  Piscataqua  River.  He  took  ship  in  the 
latter  part  of  I774-18  From  the  same  harbor  embarked  the  Hon. 


"Collects.  N.  S.  Hist.  Soc.,  XIII,  22. 
10Sabine,  Amer.  Loyalists,  283. 
"Hutchinson,  Diary  and  Letters,  II.,  111. 
"Ibid.,  262. 

13Pa.  Mag.  of  Hist,  and  Biog.,\TU.,  246-7;   Sabine,,  Amer.  Loyalists, 
640-1. 

14Frothingham,  Hist,  of  the  Siege  of  Boston,  311. 
"Hutchinson,  Diary  and  Letters,  I.,  370;  II.,  41-2,  48 
"Ibid,  I.,  332. 


Isaac  Royall  of  Medford,  a  representative  of  the  General  Court 
and  long  a  member  of  the  Council  of  the  colony.17  Col.  Ben 
jamin  Pickman  of  Salem  left  that  town  in  March,  1775,  and 
arrived  at  Bristol  five  weeks  later.18  Probably  from  Marblehead, 
which  was  the  place  of  his  residence,  Joseph  Hooper  went  to 
England  in  the  same  year.18  This  list  of  Massachusetts  ports 
of  embarkation  might  easily  be  lengthened ;  and  doubtless  it 
might  be  supplemented  with  the  names  of  ports  of  neighboring 
colonies  similarly  made  use  of.  It  must  suffice  to  mention  only 
one  of  the  latter.  It  was  at  Newport,  R.  I.,  that  Benjamin 
Thompson,  afterwards  famous  as  Count  Rumford,  was  taken 
aboard  the  British  frigate  "Scarborough"  about  the  middle  of 
October,  1775.  He  had  already  fixed  on  England  as  his  destina 
tion,  but  the  frigate  carried  him  round  to  Boston,  whence  he 
departed  at  the  evacuation  in  the  following  March.19 

As  we  have  already  seen,  the  evacuation  of  Boston  did  not 
result  in  a  direct  removal  of  many  refugees  to  Great  Britain. 
Indeed,  its  effect  was  chiefly  indirect  in  this  particular.  On  the 
3Oth  of  March  and  ist  of  April,  1776,  Halifax  received  the  con 
course  of  more  than  a  thousand  loyalists  from  Boston  and  four 
or  five  times  as  many  soldiers  in  addition.20  The  disembarking 
multitude  sadly  overtaxed  the  capacity  of  the  Nova  Scotian  cap 
ital,  which  was  a  primitive  town  with  a  population  of  several 
thousand  only.21  Under  such  conditions  scores  and  even  hun 
dreds  of  the  loyalists,  who  only  a  few  weeks  before  had  expected 
to  settle  permanently  in  the  country  to  which  they  were  going, 
now  hastened  to  re-embark  for  England,  whither  not  a  few  of 
their  friends  and  fellow-sufferers  had  preceded  them. 

The  diaries  kept  by  Samuel  Curwen  and  Governor  Hutchin- 
son  during  their  long  exiles  in  the  mother  country  contain  fre 
quent  references  to  arrivals  of  these  New  England  people  from 
Halifax.  On  June  10,  1776,  Curwen  records  the  arrival  of  as 


17Curwen,  Journal  and  Letters,  523;  Hutchinson,  Diary  and  Letters, 
I,  485. 

18Stark,  Loyalists  of  Mass.,  223. 

"Ellis,  Life  of  Rumford,  94;  Stark,  Loyalists  of  Mass.,  266. 

^Collects.  N.  S.  Hist.  Soc.,  VIIL,  76. 

^Frothingham,  Hist,  of  the  Siege  of  Boston,  311. 


many  as  six  vessels  laden  with  refugees  from  this  harbor,  and 
names  a  few  of  the  passengers.22  Hutchinson  refers  to  the  same 
fleet,  and  supplies  the  names  of  additional  passengers.23  Another 
entry  by  Curwen,  under  date  of  June  26,  tells  that  two  or  three 
companies  of  Bostonians  have  lately  come  from  Halifax;24  a 
few  days  later  a  newspaper  reports  that  the  "Unity,"  from 
Georgia  and  Halifax,  landed  several  families  at  the  port  of 
London  who  had  run  away  from  the  troubles  in  America  ;25  and 
from  various  sources  we  learn  that  the  ship  "Aston  Hall",  which 
sailed  from  Halifax  in  July  with  the  commissioners  of  the  cus 
toms  and  a  large  contingent  of  refugees,  landed  at  Dover  towards 
the  middle  of  August.26  While  the  "Aston  Hall"  was  still  in 
mid-ocean,  we  hear,  through  Hutchinson  (July  26),  of  another 
party  of  twelve  or  more  passengers  from  the  chief  Nova  Scotian 
port;  and  as  their  names  are  given,  they  are  seen  to  be  former 
residents  of  Boston.27  Again,  it  was  from  Halifax  that  Dr. 
Stockbridge  and  a  number  of  other  refugees  arrived  off  Marsh- 
field  about  the  middle  of  August.28 

The  circumstances  of  this  movement  to  England  suggest 
that  it  was  of  brief  duration.  Only  a  fraction  of  the  Tory  host 
borne  to  Halifax  by  the  150  sail  of  Howe's  fleet29  were  caught 
in  the  trans-Atlantic  current.  Most  of  those  who  remained  be 
hind  became  settlers  in  other  parts  of  Nova  Scotia.  After  August, 
1776,  our  serviceable  witnesses,  Curwen  and  Hutchinson,  have 
little  to  say  about  fresh  parties  from  Halifax,  although  they 
often  chronicle  the  arrival  of  individuals  and  families  from  other 
quarters  through  subsequent  years.  It  cannot  be  supposed,  how 
ever,  that  there  was  a  complete  cessation  of  arrivals  from  the 
Nova  Scotian  capital.  In  August,  1778,  while  Col.  Daniel  Leon 
ard,  afterward  appointed  chief  justice  of  the  Bermudas,  lay  sick 

22Curwen,  Journal  and  Letters,  59. 
23Hutchinson,  Diary  and  Letters,  II.,  61. 
^Lloyd's  Evening  Post,  July  1-3,  1776,  p.  15. 
24Curwen,    Journal  and  Letters,  62. 

26Sabine,  Amer.  Loyalists,  221,  343,  372,  511,  595,   675;    Hutchinson. 
Diary  and  Letters, II.,   89.    Curwen,  Journal  and  Letters,  71. 
"Hutchinson,  Diary  and  Letters,  II.,  85. 
2SLloyd's  Evening  Post,  Aug.  16,  1776. 
^Collects.  N.  S.  Hist.  Soc.,  VIII.,  76. 


8 

in  London,  he  was  joined  by  his  wife  and  children  from  Hal 
ifax.30  If  our  information  were  less  fragmentary,  other  instances 
might  readily  be  found  no  doubt.  Nevertheless,  we  have  suffi 
cient  data  for  estimating  that  several  hundred  New  England 
refugees  reached  the  British  Isles  by  way  of  Halifax. 

How  numerous  the  departures  from  Philadelphia  may  have 
been,  it  is  impossible  to  say.  When  Samuel  Curwen  arrived  there 
from  Beverly,  Massachusetts,  at  the  end  of  April  1775,  Phila 
delphia  was  already  a  city  of  refuge  for  New  Englanders.31 
Nevertheless,  Curwen's  friends  advised  him  against  remaining, 
and  he  sailed  for  Dover  on  May  I2th.32  Early  in  the  following 
October,  a  London  paper33  printed  among  its  latest  advices  from 
the  Quaker  City  the  statement  that  numerous  Scotch  and  Irish 
emigrants  were  returning  to  their  native  countries  —  presumably 
from  this  port  —  "being  heartily  tired  of  their  expedition."  Dur 
ing  the  next  two  years  we  hear  only  of  occasional  over-sea  flights 
from  the  city  on  the  Delaware ;  for  example,  those  of  Dr.  Alex 
ander  Stenhouse  of  Baltimore,  in  1776,  the  Rev.  Jacob  Duche, 
Episcopal  clergyman  and  one-time  chaplain  to  the  Continental 
Congress  at  Philadelphia,  in  1777,  and  Sir  John  Wentworth, 
governor  of  New  Hampshire,  in  I7/8.34 

The  presence  of  General  Howe  and  his  army  in  Philadelphia 
during  the  winter  of  1777-78  made  the  town  a  most  agreeable 
centre  for  Tories  for  the  time  being.  The  circulation  of  the 
news  in  the  following  spring  that  Clinton,  Howe's  successor,  was 
soon  to  move  with  the  army  to  New  York  served  to  swell  the 
already  large  number  of  loyalists  in  the  city  by  attracting  acces 
sions  from  outside,  and  at  the  same  time  stimulated  them  to 
leave  a  place  where  they  expected  little  or  no  mercy  if  they  re 
mained.  Accordingly,  about  3,000  boarded  the  British  fleet  and 


30Hutchinson,  Diary  and  Letters  II.,  212 ;  Sabine,  Amer.  Loyalists, 
418,  419. 

31Curwen,  Journal  and  Letters,  25,  28,  29;  Dexter,  Lit.  Diary  of  Ezra 
Stiles,  I,  540. 

32Curwen,  Journal  and  Letters,  30. 

3zLloyd's  Evening  Post,  Oct.  4-6,  1775. 

34Hutchinson,  Diary  and  Letters,  II.,  55,  192;  Md.  Hist. -Magazine, 
June,  1907,  135 ;  Dexter,  Lit.  Diary  of  Ezra  Stiles,  II.,  158. 


sailed  for  New  York,  June  16,  I778.35  Some  of  these  fugitives 
subsequently  left  Staten  Island  for  England.  Thus,  George 
Inman  and  his  wife  embarked  almost  immediately  after  their 
arrival  in  the  metropolis,  going  with  the  Christmas  fleet  in  I779,38 
while  the  noted  Quaker  Tory,  Samuel  Shoemaker,  and  his  son 
did  not  leave  for  England  until  November,  1783,  a  few  days  be 
fore  the  evacuation  of  New  York.37 

The  Southern  ports  were  centres  of  other  waves  of  loyalist 
dispersion,  vigorous  undulations  of  which  reached  the  shores  of 
the  British. Isles.  Among  these  were  Norfolk,  Va.,  the  mouth 
of  the  Potomac  River,  Charleston,  S.  C,  and  St.  Augustine  and 
Amelia  harbor,  Fla.  The  flights  from  Norfolk,  Gwynn's  Island, 
and  the  estuary  of  the  Potomac  took  place  in  connection  with 
the  uprising  of  the  Virginians  against  their  royal  governor,  Lord 
Dunmore.  On  December  9,  1775,  a  force  of  the  provincials  re 
pulsed  a  company  of  British  grenadiers  at  Great  Bridge,  twenty 
miles  from  Dunmore's  headquarters  at  Norfolk.  There  were 
numerous  Tory  inhabitants  in  the  County  of  Norfolk  and  the 
neighboring  counties  of  Virginia,38  as  also  "in  the  Quaker  and 
Mennonite  communities  of  the  interior";  and  when  the  alarmed 
governor  hastened  on  board  his  fleet  he  was  accompanied  by4 
many  families  of  the  King's  friends.39  If  we  may  trust  the 
accounts  which  found  their  way  to  London  in  private  letters  from 
Virginia,  and  were  printed  in  the  newspapers,  Governor  Dun- 
more  was  put  to  his  wits'  ends  to  find  shipping  enough  for  both 
the  Tories  and  the  other  provincial  fugitives.40  We  are  told 
that  he  was  under  the  necessity  of  taking  into  government  ser 
vice  every  vessel  in  the  fleet  that  was  sea-worthy  for  the  purpose 
of  transporting  the  people  and  their  properties  to  ports  of  safety ; 
and  that  certificates  and  clearances  were  duly  issued  to  the  pas- 

™Pa.  Mag.  of  Hist,  and  Biog.,  XIII,  307;  XXII.,  143,  145;  IX,  436; 
Van  Tyne,  Amer.  Rev.  245. 

™Pa.  Mag.  of  Hist,  and  Biog.,  VII,  237. 

37Ibid,  I,  35;  XIII,  307.  See  also  the  diary  of  James  Allen  (Pa. 
Mag.  of  Hist,  and  Biog.,  IX,  440). 

38Ambler,  Sectionalism  in  Virginia,  25. 

S9The  London  Packet  or  New  Lloyd's  Evening  Post,  Apr.  5-8,  1776, 

*°The  Morning  Chronicle  and  London  Advertiser,  Sept.   13,  1776. 


10 

sengers  according  to  their  several  destinations.  The  letter  con 
taining  these  particulars  was  written  on  board  the  ship  "Logan" 
in  the  Potomac  River,  under  date  of  July  31,  1776.  It  concluded 
with  the  words :  "I,  with  many  others,  take  passage  in  this  ship 
for  Glasgow;  other  vessels  are  bound  for  St.  Augustine,  Ber 
muda,  Antiqua,  London  and  Whitehaven.  Adieu,  as  the  signals 
are  hove  out  for  sailing."41  On  September  18,  Hutchinson  noted 
in  his  Diary  the  reported  arrival  of  a  vessel  from  Virginia  at 
Glasgow,  doubtless  one  of  Dunmore's  fleet,  if  not  the  "Logan" 
herself.42  Two  days  later,  the  Morning  Chronicle  and  London 
Advertiser  printed  an  extract  of  a  letter  from  Whitehaven,  dated 
September  12,  as  follows:  "On  Friday  morning  last  arrived 
here  the  ship  "Grace",  Captain  Donaldson,  28  days  from  Vir 
ginia,  consisting  of  some  genteel  families,  tradesmen,  servants, 
and  negroes,  most  of  whom  have  been  on  Lord  Dunmore's  fleet 
since  the  I5th  of  December,  and  have  suffered  all  the  hardships 
which  might  be  expected  from  a  long  confinement  on  board  ships 
too  much  crowded  with  people,  and  a  great  scarcity  of  pro 
visions." 

Lord  Dunmore  himself  was  driven  to  flight  early  in  July, 
by  the  attack  of  the  Virginians  on  his  camp  at  Gwynn's  Island, 
on  the  western  shore  of  Chesapeake  Bay.  He  proceeded  first 
to  New  York  and  thence  to  England  in  the  "Fowey"  man-of- 
war,  and  made  his  appearance  in  London  on  December  19. *3  A 
month  after  Dunmore's  flight  several  other  gentlemen  sailed 
from  Virginia,  on  board  the  "Levant"  transport,  in  company  with 
Robert  Eden,  lieutenant  governor  of  Maryland,  who  had  fled 
from  Annapolis.  After  a  passage  of  twenty-seven  days,  they 
landed  at  Portsmouth  early  in  September.44 

From  Charleston,  S.  C,  the  loyalist,  Dr.  William  Charles 
Wells,  embarked  for  London  as  early  as  I775-45  It  was 


^The  Morning  Chronicle  and  London  Advertiser,  Sept.  13,  1776. 

42Hutchinson,  Diary  and  Letters,  II.,  97 

43Cooke,   Virginia,  437;  Hutchinson,  Diary  and  Letters,  II.,  120. 

"The  Gazetteer  and  New  Daily  Advertiser,  London,  Sept.  5,  6  and 
11,  1776;  Hutchinson,  Diary  and  Letters,  II.,  87. 

45Louisa  S.  Wells,  Journal  of  Voyage  from  Charleston  to  England, 
85,  98. 


II 


evidently  from  the  same  place  that  the  Hon.  William  Wragg,  a 
member  of  the  Council  of  South  Carolina,  together  with  his  son 
and  his  servant  Tom,  departed  for  England,  by  way  of  Amster 
dam,  early  in  July,  I777-46  As  Charleston  was  the  chief  sea-port 
of  the  South,  a  resort  for  numerous  Tories  from  the  surrounding 
country,  and  was  held  by  the  British  during  the  two  years  imme 
diately  preceding  its  evacuation  on  December  14,  1782,  it  seems 
certain  that  many  others  must  have  followed  their  example 
during  this  interval,  if  not  earlier.  When  the  evacuation  at  length 
took  place,  twenty-five  of  the  120  sail  which  carried  off  the  gar 
rison,  inhabitants,  and  negroes  were  bound  for  England.  Among 
the  passengers  going  over-seas  was  Lieutenant  Governor  Wil 
liam  Bull  and  the  other  crown  officers,  many  gentlemen  and 
merchants  and  many  "poor  refugee  loyalists",  who,  in  Governor 
Bull's  words,  were  "destitute  of  every  resource  and  even  hope 
of  gaining  maintenance."  According  to  a  return  of  December 
13,  1782,  this  company  consisted  of  324  persons,  of  whom  fifty 
or  more  were  blacks.47 

The  fact  that  East  Florida  remained  in  British  hands  when 
Georgia  and  South  Carolina  were  abandoned  led  to  the  removal 
of  thousands  of  refugees  with  their  slaves  from  Savannah  and 
Charleston  to  St.  Augustine,  during  the  latter  half  of  the  year, 
1782.  Patrick  Tonyn,  governor  of  East  Florida,  was  ever  hos 
pitable  to  loyalist  refugees  from  the  neighboring  provinces ;  and 
convenience  caused  the  British  generals  to  adopt  an  arrangement 
which  they  already  knew  could  be  only  temporary  for  the  mass 
of  those  shifted  southward.  The  intended  evacuation  of  East 
Florida  had  been  officially  communicated  to  Governor  Tonyn 
before  June  20,  1782,  and  by  him  reported  forthwith  to  the  gen 
eral  assembly  of  his  province.48  Nevertheless,  a  succession  of 
fleets  from  up  the  coast  unloaded  throngs  of  whites  and  blacks 
at  St.  Augustine  —  one  of  them  as  many  as  5,700  —  during  the 


48Curwen,  Journal  and  Letters,  667,  668. 

4>S.  C.  Historical  and  Genealogical  Magazine,  Jan.,  1910,  14,  15,  26; 
McCrady,  Hist,  of  South  Carolina  in  the  Rev.,  674.  Of  the'  274  whites^ 
137  were  men,  74  women  and  63  children. 

*8Rej>.  Am.  Mss.  in  Roy.  hist.  G.  Brit.,  II.,  395,  530;  IV.,  42,  57,  147. 


12 

period  intervening  between  the  British  abandonment  of  Savannah 
and  of  Charleston.49 

With  the  spread  of  the  knowledge  that  Florida  was  soon 
to  be  surrendered  to  Spain,  a  new  migration  set  in.  The  van 
guard  was  under  way  by  June  16,  1783,  headed  for  the  neigh 
boring  islands,50  where  most  of  the  Southern  loyalists  promptly 
settled.  But  even  with  the  Bahamas  and  West  Indies  at  hand, 
England  was  not  overlooked.  About  July  10,  two  ships  rilled 
with  refugees  sailed  for  that  country.51  We  learn  also  that  two 
months  later  some  forty  of  the  North  Carolina  regiment,  then 
waiting  final  disposition  at  St.  Augustine,  wished  to  go  to  Britain, 
but  it  does  not  appear  whether  or  not  their  wish  was  fulfilled.52 
In  truth,  our  records  are  so  incomplete  that  we  are  left  quite 
in  the  dark  about  the  probable  numbers  of  those  who  deserted 
the  coast  of  Florida  for  the  British  shores  at  this  time. 

With  the  progress  of  the  evacuation  of  East  Florida  the 
great  mass  of  loyalists  followed  Governor  Tonyn's  advice  and 
emigrated.  England's  cession  of  this  region  to  Spain  was  effected 
by  the  treaty  of  Versailles  (Sept.  3,  1783),  while  the  Bahama 
Islands,  which  England  had  recently  recovered  from  the  Span 
iards,  were  now  secured  to  her  by  treaty  as  well.  Thus,  the  Ba 
hamas  were  opportunely  opened  to  the  migrating  loyalists.  The 
British  government  supplied  the  ships  necessary  to  transport 
those  desiring  it,  and  embarkations  filled  the  interval  from  the 
early  part  of  September,  1784,  to  March  I,  i/&$.53  The  exodus 
was  effected  from  the  harbor  of  Amelia  at  the  mouth  of  St. 
Mary's  River.  Some  of  these  emigrants  went  to  England,  larger 
numbers  to  Jamaica  and  the  Bahamas,  and  some  to  Nova  Scotia.54 
The  presence  in  London  of  representatives  of  all  grades  of  loyal 
ist  claimants  from  East  Florida  in  the  years  1786  and  1787,  when 


"Ibid.,  II.,  530,  531 ;  IV.,  216,  276. 

'"Report  on  Am.  Mss.  in  Roy.  Inst.  G.  Brit.,  IV.,  42,  57. 

5llbid.,  IV.,  (Gen.  McArthur  to  Sir  Guy  Carleton.) 

mlbid.,  IV.,  351.     (Same  to  same.) 

^Northcroft,  Sketches  of  Summerland,  281 ;  Wright,  "History  of  the 
Bahama  Islands"  in  Shattuck's  The  Bahama  Islands,  424. 

"Fairbanks,  Hist,  and  Antiquities  of  St.  Augustine,  Fla.  173;  Fair 
banks,  Hist,  of  Florida,  239,  240. 


13 

they  submitted  their  evidence  before  the  commissioners  of  claims, 
suggests  that  the  movement  from  St.  Augustine  and  Amelia  must 
have  been  of  considerable  magnitude.55 

There  can  be  little  doubt  but  that  the  majority  of  all  the 
loyalists  who  sought  refuge  in  Great  Britain  embarked  from 
New  York  City.  The  place  was  overwhelmingly  Tory  throughout 
the  revolutionary  period ;  and  as  it  was  held  by  the  British  from 
the  late  summer  of  1776  till  the  end  of  the  war,  it  served  as  a 
haven  of  refuge  for  persecuted  Tories  from  every  colony.56 
While  by  far  the  larger  number  of  these  Tories  awaited  the  out 
come  of  the  contest  in  New  York,  many  seized  the  opportunity 
to  cross  the  Atlantic  on  their  way  to  England,  Scotland  and  Ire 
land.57  This  went  on  during  the  decade  from  1775  to  I785-58 
Among  the  first  to  leave  for  England  were  two  members  of  the 
provincial  council  who  sailed  in  the  "Harriot"  packet  toward 
the  close  of  April,  I775-59  They  were  soon  followed  by  the  Rev. 
Thomas  B.  Chandler  and  Dr.  Myles  Cooper,  president  of  King's 
College.  These  gentlemen  departed  in  May  in  company  with 
several  other  Episcopal  clergymen,  loyalists  like  themselves.60 
This  group  may  have  been  among  "the  New  Yorkers  in  Margaret 
St.,"  London,  on  whom  Governor  Hutchinson  thought  it  worth 
while  to  call  on  August  ist,  of  the  same  year.61 

Besides  the  constant  stream  of  those  departing  privately 
from  Sandy  Hook  in  packets  and  merchant  vessels,  New  York 
City  suffered  periodic  drafts  on  her  loyalist  population  upon  the 
withdrawal  of  English  fleets  from  these  waters  to  the  British 
Isles.  Permission  to  make  the  voyage  in  the  government  trans 
ports  was  granted  by  the  commanding  officer  at  New  York,  and 
refugees  without  the  means  to  secure  transportation  in  the  ordi- 


55Audit  Office  Claims,  Vol.  III.,  E.  Fla.  Evidence,  Public  Records 
Office,  London. 

S6Van  Tyne,  Loyalists  in  the  Amer.  Rev.  128,  243. 

57Flick,  Loyalism  in  N.  Y.,  148,  149;  Jones,  Hist,  of  N.  Y.,  II.,  Note 
xxxvi.,  506. 

58Flick,  Loyalism  in  N.    Y.,  171. 

39Dexter,  Literary  Diary  of  Ezra  Stiles,  I.,  540. 

BOIbid.,  169 ;  Curwen,  Journal  and  Letters,  539,  557 ;  Dexter,  Literary 
Diary  of  Ezra  Stiles,  I.,  547. 

61Hutchinson,  Diary  and  Letters,  I.,  506. 


nary  manner  or  in  association  with  others  were  sent  away  with 
the  fleets.6-  At  least  five  such  fleets  are  known  to  have  borne 
away  loyalists,  but  in  what  numbers  has  not  been  ascertainable. 
These  five  were  the  fleet  sailing  on  February  19,  1777;  the  fleet 
which  weighed  anchor  eight  months  later  (October  19,  1778)  ; 
the  Christmas  fleet  which  left  Sandy  Hook  on  December  23, 
1779;  the  fleet  with  which  the  defeated  Cornwallis  and  his  army 
retired  in  January,  1782;  and  the  trans- Atlantic  division  of  the 
evacuation  fleet  which  sailed  November  25,  1783.  Jolly  Allen, 
the  Boston  merchant,  was  one  of  the  Tories  given  a  passage 
by  Lord  Howe  on  the  first  fleet.63 

A  multitude  of  refugees  accompanied  the  second  fleet,  which 
consisted  at  the  start  of  120  sail.  After  crossing  the  ocean  and 
meeting  a  severe  gale  in  St.  George's  Channel,  some  of  the  ves 
sels  made  a  safe  anchorage  at  Cork.  Among  the  passengers 
who  landed  here  were  Peter  Van  Schaack  of  Kinderhook,  N. 
Y.,64  the  Rev.  Mr.  Weekes,  a  missionary  of  Marblehead,  Mass., 
and  Mr.  Combe,  a  clergyman  recently  banished  from  Philadelphia 
after  a  period  of  imprisonment.65  The  other  ships  were  caught 
by  the  gale  in  the  Chops  of  the  English  Channel,  several  were 
lost,  and  the  remainder  succeeded  in  reaching  Dover,  Deal,  and 
Margate,  where  throngs  of  people  disembarked.  Miss  Louisa  S. 
Wells  of  Charleston,  S.  C,  was  among  the  passengers  landing 
at  Deal,  and  has  left  us  a  vivid  account  of  her  voyage.66  Joseph 
Galloway,  the  famous  Tory  of  Pennsylvania,  and  his  daughter 
appear  to  have  accompanied  this  fleet67  and  possibly  also  Judge 
Martin  Howard  of  North  Carolina.68  Richard  Silvester,  a  cus 
tom-house  officer  of  Boston,  is  recorded  as  certainly  one  of  the 
passengers.69  Professor  Flick  doubtless  refers  to  this  fleet  in 
his  valuable  monograph70  when  mentioning  the  many  loyalists 


^Jones,  History  of  N.  Y.  II.,  Note  xxxvi.,  506. 

^Account  of  Sufferings  and  Losses  of  Jolly  Allen,  39. 

"Life  of  Peter  Van  Schaack,  132,  133. 

63Hutchinson,  Diary  and  Letters,  II.,  229,  230,  223. 

™ Journal  of  a  Voyage  from  Charleston,  S.  C.  to  London,  47-62. 

07Pa.  Mag.  of  Hist,  and  Biog.,  Dec.,  1902,  437. 

68Curwen,  Journal  and  Letters,  207 ;  Sabine,  Amer.  Loyalists,  369. 

"Hutchinson,  Diary  and  Letters,  II.,  228. 

nLoyalism  in  New  York,  201,  202. 


15 

who  were  sent  to  Great  Britain  with  their  wives  and  children 
in  1778. 

The  third  fleet,  which  for  convenience  I  have  called  the 
Christmas  fleet,  was  much  larger  than  the  second,  consisting  of 
nearly  200  sail  under  convoy  of  several  frigates.  It  was  badly 
scattered  by  a  violent  storm  that  struck  it  on  Christmas  eve,  and 
was  completely  demoralized  by  a  second  one  four  days  later. 
The  vessel  bearing  George  Inman  and  wife  of  Philadelphia, 
whose  Narrative  briefly  records  his  experiences,  landed  at  Ports 
mouth  in  February,  I78o.71  Dr.  Peter  Oliver  of  Salem,  son  of 
Lieutenant  Governor  Andrew  Oliver  of  Massachusetts,  was  an 
other  passenger  of  this  fleet  on  his  second  voyage  to  England,72 
as  was  also  General  Prescot.73 

It  can  scarcely  be  supposed  that  the  fourth  fleet,  that  in  which 
Cornwallis  and  his  ill-fated  army  returned  home,  went  un 
accompanied  by  numbers  of  disheartened  Tories.  At  any  rate, 
the  report  was  circulating  in  the  London  newspapers74  in  mid- 
January,  1782,  to  that  effect.  This  report  told  that  Lord  Corn 
wallis  had  left  New  York  on  the  fifteenth  of  December  on  board 
the  "Robust"  man-of-war,  which,  together  with  the  "James," 
was  the  convoy  to  a  large  fleet  of  merchantmen,  transports,  etc., 
to  the  amount  of  150  sail;  that  the  fate  suffered  by  several  of 
the  unfortunate  loyalists  who  had  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the 
Americans  on  the  capitulation  of  Yorktown  had  produced  such 
an  effect  upon  a  large  number  of  the  refugees  resident  at  New 
York  that  they  were  coming  to  England  in  shoals,  and  that  a 
considerable  body  of  them  was  actually  on  board  the  fleet  then 
on  its  way  home. 

From  this  time  on  to  the  withdrawal  of  the  British  from 
New  York,  embarkations  for  Europe  at  this  port  must  have  been 
of  frequent,  not  to  say  constant,  occurrence.  Writing  from  the 
Bowery  on  June  2oth,  about  five  months  before  the  evacuation, 
Edward  Winslow,  Sr.,  informs  his  son  of  the  departure  of  old 


71Pa.  Mag.  of  Hist,  and  Biog.,  VII,  245. 
72Hutchinson,  Diary  and  Letters,  II.,  337. 
wlbid.,  339. 

™The  London  Gazette  of  Jan.   15-17  and   The  Morning  Herald  and 
Daily  Gazette  of  Jan.  16. 


i6 

friends  for  Great  Britain;75  and  five  days  later  than  Mr.  Win- 
slow,  also  writing  from  the  city,  Ward  Chipman  tells  of  the  em 
barkation  of  other  friends  for  the  same  destination.76  Further 
on  in  the  same  letter,  Mr.  Chipman  refers  to  the  not  distant 
evacuation  indicated  by  the  arrival  of  several  empty  transports 
from  England,  remarking  that  this  affords  strong  ground  for 
suspecting  that  they  will  all  be  off  in  the  fall.77  On  July  Qth, 
Andrew  Elliot,  the  lieutenant  governor  of  New  York,  put  his 
family  aboard  the  frigate  "Nonsuch"  for  Scotland,  though  he 
did  not  himself  leave  the  city  to  join  them  until  the  following 
December.78  Meantime,  notices  were  printed  in  the  New  York 
newspapers  in  the  latter  part  of  August  requesting  all  loyalists 
intending  to  go  to  Scotland  or  Ireland  to  meet  at  designated 
places.  That  associations  of  this  sort  actually  sailed  appears 
from  a  letter  from  Cork,  written  about  thirty  days  later,  men 
tioning  the  arrival  of  the  "Neptune"  from  New  York  "with  sev 
eral  families  on  board,  loyalists,  who  did  not  choose  to  continue 
there  after  the  city  should  be  evacuated  by  the  British  forces".79 
During  the  same  period  applications  were  being  received  by  gov 
ernment  from  numerous  persons  in  the  city  who  were  unable 
to  escape  to  Britain  without  financial  aid,80  while  communica 
tions  from  others  in  the  town  revealed  the  intention  of  their 
writers  likewise  to  go  to  England.81 

When  the  evacuation  was  completed,  and  the  trans-Atlantic 
division  of  the  fleet  was  ready  to  sail  on  November  25,  1783, 
it  was  accompanied  by  a  "numerous  train  of  loyalists"  sent  by 
Gen.  Guy  Carleton,  who  was  then  in  command  at  New  York.82 
Dr.  John  Connolly,  the  well-known  Tory  of  Pittsburg,  was  one 
of  this  train,  having  been  released  from  the  Philadelphia  jail 


T5Raymond,  Winslow  Papers,  90. 

"Ibid.,  92;  Sabine,  Amer.  Loyalists,  564,  431-2. 

"Raymond,   Winslow  Papers,  92. 

™Pa.  Mag.  of  Hist,  and  Biog.,  XL,  146,  148;  Manual,  Corporation 
City  of  New  York,  1870,  797. 

^Manual,  Corporation  City  of  New  York,  1870,  806,  807,  812. 

™Rep.  Am.  Mss.  in  Roy.  Inst.  of  G.  Brit.,  II.,  12,  340;  IV.,  33,  107, 
143,  148,  451,  461,  467. 

Sllbid.}  IV.,  279,  347,  424,  439,  446,  456,  459. 

82Jones,  Hist,  of  N.   Y.,  II.,  260 ;  Flick,  Loyalism  in  N.   Y.,  172,  n. 


that  he  might  go  to  Xew  York  and  sail  from  there  to  Europe.83 
Ward  Chipman,  who  later  became  chief  justice  of  New  Bruns 
wick,  was  another  passenger.  A  letter  of  his  of  November  29th, 
written  aboard  the  "Tryal"  one  of  the  government  transports, 
tells  what  had  taken  place  among  his  wide  circle  of  acquaintances 
at  New  York.  ''Scarce  any  of  our  friends",  it  relates,  "or  any 
man  of  respectability  remains  at  New  York,  they  are  principally 
embarked  for  England."  Relative  to  his  own  destination  he 
adds,  "I  am  now  on  board  ship  for  the  voyage."  84  Gen.  Carleton 
was  among  the  last  to  leave  Staten  Island,  sailing  in  the  frigate 
"Cares"  in  company  with  the  frigate  "Cyclops"  on  December  4. 
Both  of  these  vessels  carried  a  large  number  of  gentlemen  Tories, 
including  James  Jauncey  and  Hugh  Wallace,  well-known  resi 
dents  of  the  metropolis.85  The  "Grampus,"  which  reached  Ports 
mouth  early  in  the  following  January,  learned  that  upwards  of 
fifty  loyalist  families  had  already  arrived  there  "from  different 
parts  of  America".86  In  what  space  of  time  is  not  indicated; 
but  it  is  probable  that  many  had  come  from  the  general  rendez 
vous  of  American  loyalists  so  lately  deserted. 

The  patriots  were  jubilant  of  course  over  the  recovery  of 
this  rendezvous,  and  all  that  it  implied.  A  wag  seized  the  occa 
sion  to  make  a  last  coarse  thrust  at  the  Tory  aristocracy  who 
were  sailing  away  to  the  seat  of  that  royalty  for  which  they  had 
sacrificed  so  much.  He  proposed  making  the  carcass  of  Riving- 
ton,  the  loyalist  printer  of  New  York,  "into  portable  soup  for 
the  use  of  the  lady  and  gentlemen  Tories  bound  for  England."  87 

As  part  of  the  wave  of  exiles  from  Boston  was  deflected 
by  Halifax  to  England  in  1776,  so  also  some  of  the  refugees 
from  New  York  and  the  adjacent  country  were  diverted  by 
Shelburne,  N.  S.,  seven  years  later.  Shelburne,  then  known 
as  Port  Roseway,  was  founded  in  the  summer  of  1783  by  sev- 


83"Narrative  of  the  Transactions  [etc.]  of  John  Connolly"  in  Pa. 
Mag.  of  Hist,  and  Biog.,  XIII. ,  285,  286  proceedings  of  the  .  Amer.  Antiq. 
Soc.,  Oct.,  1890,  28. 

84Raymond,   Winslow  Papers,  92. 

^Manual,  Corporation  City  of  New  York,  1870,  837. 

8°Ibid.,  840. 

87Van  Tyne,  Loyalists  of  the  Amer.  Rev.,  290. 


i8 

eral  thousand  of  these  New  York  refugees.  A  few  months  later 
8,000  more  settlers  sailed  for  Shelburne  from  New  York,  Long 
Island,  and  Staten  Island  in  the  famous  September  fleet.  This 
caused  so  great  a  congestion  of  people  in  the  new  town  that 
neither  the  assistance  of  government  nor  the  efforts  of  the  settlers 
themselves  could  supply  adequate  shelter  for  the  approaching 
winter,  and  spring  disclosed  a  sad  dearth  of  land  fit  for  farming. 
True,  there  was  plenty  of  fish  in  the  adjacent  waters  and  an 
abundance  of  timber  in  the  neighboring  wilderness,  but  the  male 
population  was  unsuited  to  make  extensive  use  of  these  bounties, 
being  for  the  most  part  merchants  and  military  men.  Under 
such  discouragements  the  settlers  began  to  abandon  the  place. 
By  1785  the  exodus  was  well  under  way  and  by  the  winter  of 
1787,  when  the  government  distribution  of  food  ceased,  people 
were  leaving  in  troops.  Many  of  these  joined  the  more  flourish 
ing  communities  of  the  Maritime  Provinces,  while  others  went 
to  the  Canadas  and  West  Indies.  But  numbers  also  found  their 
way  to  Great  Britain,88  impelled  thither  by  their  recent  expe 
riences,  as  they  were  also  drawn  by  the  prospect  of  compensation 
for  their  losses.  James  Robertson  was  one  of  these  emigrants 
from  Shelburne.  Before  the  close  of  the  war,  he  and  his  brother 
Alexander  were  publishing  the  Royal  American  Gazette  in  New 
York  City.  Thence  they  removed  to  Shelburne,  where  they  con 
tinued  to  issue  the  Gazette.  But  subsequently,  after  the  death 
of  Alexander,  James  retired  to  Edinburgh  with  his  nephew, 
James,  Jr.89  Another  Shelburne  man  who  crossed  the  water  was 
the  Rev.  William  Walter,  D.  D.,  at  one  time  rector  of  Trinity 
Church,  Boston,  but  later  —  according  to  Sabine  —  in  charge  of 
an  Episcopal  church  at  Shelburne.  In  a  letter  of  March  5,  1784, 
Chief  Justice  Peter  Oliver  notes  that  Mr.  Walter  was  then  in 
London,  "having  left  his  family  at  Port  Roseway".90 

Of  course  other  Canadian  ports  besides  Shelburne  and  Hal 
ifax  witnessed  embarkations  of  loyalists  to  England.  Many  such 
became  centres  of  settlements  for  invading  multitudes  of  these 


""Collects.  N.  S.  Hist.  Soc.,  1887-88,  65,  66,  80,  81,  84,  85,  88. 
s*Ibid.,  121;  Sabine,  Amer.  Loyalists,  561-2. 

°°Sabine,  Amer.    Loyalists,   670-1;  Hutchinson,  Diary  and  Letters,  II., 
404. 


people,  and  therefore  presented  conditions  not  so  dissimilar  from 
those  already  described  as  to  contribute  to  different  results.  In 
regard  to  numbers,  however,  the  two  Nova  Scotian  towns  prob 
ably  led  all  competitors.  While  Quebec  received  its  share  of 
these  fugitives,  its  inland  location  and  western  connections  gave 
rise  to  a  westward  rather  than  an  eastward  dispersion.  Still, 
it  is  known  to  have  furnished  at  least  a  few  members  to  the  con 
tingent  of  exiles  in  London.  On  July  3,  1776,  the  "Hope"  from 
Quebec  brought  to  the  British  metropolis  several  families  who 
had  been  obliged  to  leave  America  "on  account  of  the  dis 
turbances".91  Six  months  later  Brook  Watson  also  arrived  from 
the  city  on  the  St.  Lawrence.0-  After  returning  and  participating 
in  the  war  in  America  this  man  made  a  notable  career  in  Lon 
don,  as  did  others  of  the  American  contingent. 

It  would  be  interesting  no  doubt  to  know  the  total  number 
of  refugees  contributed  both  permanently  and  temporarily  by  the 
loyalist  ports  of  exit  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  to  the 
population  of  Great  Britain.  But  the  problem  is  full  of  unknown 
factors.  At  best  one  must  be  content  with  hazarding  one's  own 
inadequately  supported  judgment.  Professor  Flick  is  convinced 
that  not  more  than  2,000  refugees  went  from  New  York  to  Eng 
land  before  I783.93  But  if  one  takes  into  account  the  facilities 
afforded  this  class  —  the  impecunious  and  impoverished  as  well 
as  the  afBuent  —  by  homeward-bound  fleets,  and  the  extent  to 
which  these  facilities  were  made  use  of,  one  feels  that  Professor 
Flick's  estimate  falls  far  short  of  the  probabilities.  One  can 
readily  believe  that  these  fleets  alone  transported  more  than  2,000 
exiles.  If  now  —  still  confining  ourselves  to  New  York  —  we 
add  those  who  went  singly  or  in  small  parties  during  a  dozen 
years,  then  include  the  "numerous  train"  sent  at  the  evacuation, 
and  finally  complete  the  tale  by  the  "countless  number"  94  who 
hastened  to  London  after  the  peace  to  secure  compensation,  we 
find  ourselves  ready  to  suppose  that  first  and  last  the  British 
Isles  received  scarcely  less  than  five  or  six  thousand  Americans 


91 Lloyd's  Evening  Post,  Jyly  1-3,  p.   15. 
92Hutchinson,  Diary  and  Letters,  II.,   120. 
83Flick,  Loyalism  in  New  York,  171,  172. 
**Ibid.,  204. 


20 

from  the  metropolis  of  loyalism.  Smaller,  but  nevertheless  con 
siderable  contributions  came  from  the  Canadian  ports,  especially 
from  Halifax,  Shelburne,  Quebec,  and  probably  St.  John,  N.  B.; 
also  from  the  New  England  ports,  of  which  the  most  important 
was  of  course  Boston ;  while  the  contingents  sent  forth  by  the 
chief  Southern  ports  were  likewise  large.  Without  going  beyond 
our  meagre  data,  one  might  estimate  a  minimum  number  of 
from  two  to  three  thousand  loyalists  and  neutrals  received  by 
Great  Britain  from  these  places  of  embarkation. 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

LOAN  DEPT. 

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Tel.  No.  642-3405 

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Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 


iTA  BARBARA 


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